1. Fundamental Principles

• 1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation, Quanta
  • 1.1.1 The Origin of X-rays
  • 1.1.2 Bohr's Atomic Model
  • 1.1.3 Characteristic Radiation
• 1.2 Nomenclature
• 1.3 Generating the Characteristic Radiation
  • 1.3.1 X-ray Tubes, Bremsspektrum
  • 1.3.2 Tube Types, the Generator
    • 1.3.2.1 Side-window Tubes
    • 1.3.2.2 End-window Tubes
    • 1.3.2.3 Generator
• 1.4 Excitation of Characteristic Radiation in Sample Material
  • 1.4.1 Layer Thickness, Saturation Thickness
  • 1.4.2 Secondary Enhancement
• 1.5 Tube-spectrum Scattering at the Sample Material
• 1.6 X-ray Detectorss
  • 1.6.1 Pulse Height Spectrum
  • 1.6.2 Gas Proportional Counter
  • 1.6.3 Scintillation Counters
• 1.7 Pulse Height Analysis (PHA)
  • 1.7.1 Pulse Height Distribution
  • 1.7.2 The Counter Plateau
• 1.8 Diffraction in Crystals
  • 1.8.1 Interference
  • 1.8.2 Diffraction
  • 1.8.3 X-ray Diffraction From a Crystal Lattice, Bragg's Equation
  • 1.8.4 Reflections of Higher Orders
  • 1.8.5 Crystal Types
  • 1.8.6 Dispersion, Line Separation
  • 1.8.7 Standard Types, Multilayers
  • 1.8.8 Special Crystals
  • 1.8.9 Curved Crystals

2. Instrumentation

• 2.1 Multichannel Spectrometers
  • 2.1.1 Scanners for Multichannel Spectrometers
• 2.2 Sequential Spectrometers
• 2.3 Incident Beam Components
  • 2.3.1 The End-window Tube and Generator
  • 2.3.2 The Primary Beam Filter
  • 2.3.3 Sample Cups, the Cup Aperture
• 2.4 Emitted Beam Components
• 2.4.1 The Vacuum Seal
• 2.4.2 Collimator Masks
• 2.4.3 Collimators, the Soller Slit
• 2.4.4 The Crystal Changer
• 2.4.5 The Flow Counter
• 2.4.6 The Sealed Proportional Counter
• 2.4.7 The Scintillation Counter
• 2.5 Electronic Pulse Processing
  • 2.5.1 The Discriminator
  • 2.5.2 Main Amplifier, Sine Amplifier
  • 2.5.3 Dead Time Correction
  • 2.5.4 Line-shift Correction

3. Sample Preparation Techniques for XRF Analysis

• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Preparation of Solid Samples
  • 3.2.1 Metals
  • 3.2.2 Pressed Pellets
  • 3.2.3 Fused Beads
• 3.3 Preparation of Liquid Samples
• 3.4 Preparation of Filter Samples

Appendix A – Sources of Standard Samples

Appendix B – Supplementary Literature

• Books
• Tables

Index